Policy-relevant questions

Representativeness disclaimer

These analyses are based on responses collected from 7961 caregivers between the dates of April 06, 2020 and September 03, 2020. These caregivers represent a range of voices: 10.34% are Black/African American, 19.82% are LatinX, and 21.12% live at or below 1.5 times the federal poverty line. Proportions/percentages are calculated based on the item-level response rates, not out of the total sample size. The data for these analyses are not weighted.

Economic Stability

Receiving public benefits

Are you receiving any sort of public or employment benefits? ex. Federal cash assistance programs such as the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Social Security Income (SSI). OR, Federal-in kind benefit programs such as Medicaid, Food Stamps and Housing.

Options:

• Yes \((N = 2007)\)
• No \((N = 4730)\)
• Didn’t Qualify \((N = 975)\)
• Intend to apply \((N = 229)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	0.03	.854
Intend to apply	1.54	.214
No	7.28	.007
Yes	7.34	.007

West

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	1.78	.182
Intend to apply	0.07	.793
No	6.10	.013
Yes	3.54	.060

Northeast

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	2.55	.111
Intend to apply	2.87	.090
No	0.00	> .999
Yes	0.26	.613

Midwest

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	0.06	.812
Intend to apply	0.05	.831
No	0.19	.667
Yes	0.34	.559

Black/African American

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	2.93	.087
Intend to apply	6.59	.010
No	42.97	< .001
Yes	59.30	< .001

LatinX

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	0.10	.756
Intend to apply	0.16	.690
No	6.49	.011
Yes	8.71	.003

Low income

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	30.24	< .001
Intend to apply	7.02	.008
No	483.02	< .001
Yes	822.57	< .001

Income by Employment

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	43.21	< .001
Intend to apply	9.85	.020
No	571.62	< .001
Yes	881.92	< .001

Income by Black/African American

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	30.36	< .001
Intend to apply	13.64	.003
No	492.33	< .001
Yes	828.48	< .001

Income by Latinx

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	31.91	< .001
Intend to apply	9.35	.025
No	501.39	< .001
Yes	835.50	< .001

Income by South

public_benefits	statistic	p.value
Didn’t Qualify	31.91	< .001
Intend to apply	9.35	.025
No	501.39	< .001
Yes	835.50	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Didn’t Qualify - Intend to apply	-2.28	-5.86	1.31	.600
Didn’t Qualify - No	4.77	3.05	6.49	< .001
Didn’t Qualify - Yes	-3.49	-5.40	-1.59	.002
Intend to apply - No	7.05	3.74	10.35	< .001
Intend to apply - Yes	-1.22	-4.63	2.19	.897
No - Yes	-8.27	-9.57	-6.96	< .001

Which public benefits

What types of benefits are you receiving? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

• Health/Medical \((N = 1094)\)
  • Food \((N = 462)\)
  • Income (not icluding federal stimulus checks) \((N = 266)\)
  • Disability (not military) \((N = 284)\)
  • Military Pension \((N = 5)\)
  • Military Disability \((N = )\)
  • Military Medical Care \((N = 7)\)
  • Military (any benefit, including pension, disability, etc) \((N = 132)\)
  • Housing Subsidy \((N = 62)\)
  • Child Care Subsidy \((N = 43)\)
  • Other \((N = 37)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key	statistic	p.value
Health	3.34	.068
Food	2.81	.094
Income	0.17	.683
Disability	0.22	.638
Military pension	2.72	.099
Military disability	0.00	> .999
Military medical	0.56	.456
Military	0.30	.587
Housing	0.01	.912
Childcare	0.02	.877
Other	0.31	.578

West

key	statistic	p.value
Health	0.67	.415
Food	0.17	.679
Income	0.05	.828
Disability	0.72	.396
Military pension	0.00	> .999
Military disability	0.21	.647
Military medical	0.00	> .999
Military	7.23	.007
Housing	8.26	.004
Childcare	0.00	> .999
Other	0.05	.824

Northeast

key	statistic	p.value
Health	3.53	.060
Food	0.28	.597
Income	1.46	.227
Disability	5.86	.015
Military pension	0.13	.716
Military disability	0.04	.850
Military medical	0.16	.692
Military	4.88	.027
Housing	7.87	.005
Childcare	3.75	.053
Other	0.40	.528

Midwest

key	statistic	p.value
Health	0.19	.661
Food	0.81	.368
Income	0.69	.405
Disability	6.32	.012
Military pension	0.41	.520
Military disability	0.00	> .999
Military medical	0.00	> .999
Military	0.01	.922
Housing	0.54	.461
Childcare	2.10	.147
Other	0.02	.875

Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Health	7.19	.007
Food	45.97	< .001
Income	58.68	< .001
Disability	0.44	.507
Military pension	0.00	> .999
Military disability	0.00	> .999
Military medical	4.75	.029
Military	8.82	.003
Housing	14.01	< .001
Childcare	0.98	.321
Other	0.11	.740

LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Health	3.46	.063
Food	0.89	.345
Income	1.76	.185
Disability	0.00	.994
Military pension	0.29	.588
Military disability	0.74	.391
Military medical	0.01	.939
Military	0.00	.957
Housing	3.52	.061
Childcare	0.01	.935
Other	0.56	.455

Low income

key	statistic	p.value
Health	363.70	< .001
Food	127.33	< .001
Income	95.56	< .001
Disability	74.64	< .001
Military pension	0.26	.611
Military disability	0.26	.611
Military medical	0.59	.442
Military	89.23	< .001
Housing	13.86	< .001
Childcare	0.00	> .999
Other	8.37	.004

Income by Employment

key	statistic	p.value
Health	382.52	< .001
Food	131.56	< .001
Income	98.09	< .001
Disability	141.65	< .001
Military pension	4.12	.249
Military disability	1.97	.579
Military medical	2.62	.453
Military	116.16	< .001
Housing	15.42	.001
Childcare	0.47	.925
Other	12.76	.005

Income by Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Health	369.94	< .001
Food	143.30	< .001
Income	121.02	< .001
Disability	75.48	< .001
Military pension	5.32	.150
Military disability	1.65	.648
Military medical	4.18	.243
Military	97.38	< .001
Housing	23.84	< .001
Childcare	3.50	.320
Other	10.25	.017

Income by LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Health	389.39	< .001
Food	145.07	< .001
Income	103.19	< .001
Disability	74.46	< .001
Military pension	9.09	.028
Military disability	9.09	.028
Military medical	2.02	.568
Military	93.69	< .001
Housing	31.15	< .001
Childcare	2.19	.534
Other	13.50	.004

Income by South

key	statistic	p.value
Health	366.47	< .001
Food	127.37	< .001
Income	97.24	< .001
Disability	86.91	< .001
Military pension	3.66	.300
Military disability	3.33	.344
Military medical	1.86	.602
Military	91.26	< .001
Housing	19.90	< .001
Childcare	1.27	.736
Other	11.31	.010

Related to well-being

Receiving federal stimulus check

Have you received a federal stimulus check this year? (Also known as an economic impact payment) (Note: Weeks 3-8 separate this into two questions, one that asks whether participants have received a check (Yes, No, Unsure, Other) and another that asks if they expect to receive one, only presented if they respond “No” to the prior question. These were combined for the present analyses.)

Options:

• Yes, I have received a federal stimulus check \((N = 5635)\)
  • No, but I expect to receive a federal stimulus check in the near future \((N = 409)\)
  • No, and I DO NOT expect to receive a federal stimulus check \((N = 621)\)
  • Unsure if I will receive a federal stimulus check \((N = 206)\)
  • Other \((N = 72)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.00	.955
No, not expected	0.00	> .999
Other	0.00	.950
Unsure	0.16	.688
Yes	0.00	.948

West

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	2.86	.091
No, not expected	8.25	.004
Other	0.02	.879
Unsure	6.57	.010
Yes	19.05	< .001

Northeast

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	0.00	> .999
No, not expected	0.00	> .999
Other	0.46	.499
Unsure	0.71	.400
Yes	0.36	.550

Midwest

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	3.56	.059
No, not expected	9.58	.002
Other	0.01	.939
Unsure	1.89	.169
Yes	16.00	< .001

Black/African American

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	24.72	< .001
No, not expected	1.93	.165
Other	0.09	.769
Unsure	1.43	.232
Yes	5.70	.017

LatinX

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	1.91	.167
No, not expected	3.95	.047
Other	0.25	.618
Unsure	6.96	.008
Yes	13.52	< .001

Low income

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	1.82	.178
No, not expected	1.04	.308
Other	41.15	< .001
Unsure	0.97	.325
Yes	0.23	.632

Income by Employment

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	9.22	.027
No, not expected	2.47	.481
Other	44.24	< .001
Unsure	2.19	.534
Yes	0.60	.896

Income by Black/African American

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	24.38	< .001
No, not expected	1.38	.709
Other	44.16	< .001
Unsure	8.84	.032
Yes	12.53	.006

Income by Latinx

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	4.41	.221
No, not expected	14.82	.002
Other	47.07	< .001
Unsure	10.07	.018
Yes	20.10	< .001

Income by South

federal_stim	statistic	p.value
No, expected	4.41	.221
No, not expected	14.82	.002
Other	47.07	< .001
Unsure	10.07	.018
Yes	20.10	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
No, expected - No, not expected	-1.02	-4.15	2.10	.968
No, expected - Other	-3.91	-10.19	2.36	.738
No, expected - Unsure	-0.63	-4.83	3.56	.998
No, expected - Yes	-0.65	-3.17	1.86	.986
No, not expected - Other	-2.89	-9.00	3.22	.886
No, not expected - Unsure	0.39	-3.56	4.33	> .999
No, not expected - Yes	0.37	-1.71	2.44	.997
Other - Unsure	3.28	-3.44	10.00	.874
Other - Yes	3.26	-2.56	9.08	.808
Unsure - Yes	-0.02	-3.50	3.46	> .999

Family Income

Which of the following best describes what has happened to your family income during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic? (Note that in weeks 1-6 and 10-12, there were 5 response options, including decreased very much, decreased somewhat, etc). These were collapsed to allow for assessment across all weeks

Options:

• Has decreased \((N = 3388)\)
  • Has stayed the same \((N = 3364)\)
  • Has increased \((N = 1158)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	10.51	.001
Increased	8.51	.004
Stayed the same	1.30	.254

West

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	0.58	.447
Increased	0.30	.585
Stayed the same	1.39	.238

Northeast

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	8.68	.003
Increased	0.52	.471
Stayed the same	5.79	.016

Midwest

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	3.77	.052
Increased	4.22	.040
Stayed the same	0.20	.653

Black/African American

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	5.85	.016
Increased	0.00	> .999
Stayed the same	5.98	.014

LatinX

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	17.94	< .001
Increased	0.04	.834
Stayed the same	19.54	< .001

Low income

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	97.71	< .001
Increased	1.89	.169
Stayed the same	119.33	< .001

Income by Employment

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	186.33	< .001
Increased	19.24	< .001
Stayed the same	156.74	< .001

Income by Black/African American

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	63.67	< .001
Increased	11.98	.007
Stayed the same	85.44	< .001

Income by Latinx

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	72.76	< .001
Increased	5.08	.166
Stayed the same	94.07	< .001

Income by South

income_change	statistic	p.value
Decreased	72.76	< .001
Increased	5.08	.166
Stayed the same	94.07	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased - Increased	5.71	4.05	7.37	< .001
Decreased - Stayed the same	8.63	7.45	9.82	< .001
Increased - Stayed the same	2.92	1.26	4.58	.002

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	-4.49	-7.35	-1.64	.004
Decreased	-5.26	-7.95	-2.58	< .001
Increased	-1.61	-6.28	3.07	.501

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	0.96	-1.24	3.15	.786
Decreased	-2.55	-4.61	-0.49	.046
Increased	-0.85	-4.42	2.72	.786

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	3.50	1.19	5.80	.003
Decreased	5.43	3.36	7.50	< .001
Increased	7.58	3.95	11.21	< .001

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	16.80	13.48	20.12	< .001
Decreased	7.89	4.56	11.22	< .001
Increased	18.94	15.05	22.84	< .001

Related to child well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased - Increased	0.25	-1.71	2.21	.966
Decreased - Stayed the same	5.73	4.33	7.13	< .001
Increased - Stayed the same	5.48	3.52	7.44	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	-5.00	-8.35	-1.64	.007
Decreased	-6.35	-9.51	-3.20	< .001
Increased	6.08	0.51	11.66	.033

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	2.84	0.27	5.42	.091
Decreased	-0.31	-2.74	2.12	> .999
Increased	1.30	-2.97	5.58	> .999

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	3.95	1.25	6.64	.008
Decreased	3.21	0.72	5.71	.012
Increased	9.04	4.54	13.54	< .001

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	20.97	17.08	24.86	< .001
Decreased	11.86	7.95	15.77	< .001
Increased	25.56	20.92	30.20	< .001

Related to family well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Decreased - Increased	2.97	1.43	4.51	< .001
Decreased - Stayed the same	7.20	6.10	8.31	< .001
Increased - Stayed the same	4.23	2.69	5.78	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	-4.78	-7.43	-2.14	.001
Decreased	-5.84	-8.32	-3.36	< .001
Increased	2.21	-2.23	6.65	.329

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	1.92	-0.11	3.95	.193
Decreased	-1.36	-3.26	0.55	.326
Increased	0.33	-3.05	3.72	.847

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	3.66	1.54	5.79	.001
Decreased	4.37	2.44	6.30	< .001
Increased	8.28	4.78	11.77	< .001

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
income_change	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Stayed the same	18.90	15.85	21.95	< .001
Decreased	9.85	6.78	12.92	< .001
Increased	22.25	18.62	25.87	< .001

Family Financial Status

Which of the following best describes your family financially at this time?

Options:

• No problems \((N = 2281)\)
  • Minor problems \((N = 4058)\)
  • Major problems \((N = 1234)\)
  • Extreme problems \((N = 377)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	19.05	< .001
Minor	0.02	.889
Major	13.92	< .001
Extreme	6.09	.014

West

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	6.48	.011
Minor	0.13	.715
Major	1.03	.309
Extreme	7.19	.007

Northeast

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	7.22	.007
Minor	0.93	.336
Major	4.03	.045
Extreme	0.00	> .999

Midwest

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	0.01	.926
Minor	1.18	.278
Major	1.82	.177
Extreme	0.00	> .999

Black/African American

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	27.79	< .001
Minor	0.06	.812
Major	9.46	.002
Extreme	27.03	< .001

LatinX

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	41.94	< .001
Minor	1.77	.183
Major	27.78	< .001
Extreme	2.27	.132

Low income

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	363.72	< .001
Minor	3.67	.056
Major	220.63	< .001
Extreme	153.97	< .001

Income by Employment

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	436.37	< .001
Minor	38.09	< .001
Major	306.52	< .001
Extreme	240.70	< .001

Income by Black/African American

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	377.42	< .001
Minor	11.34	.010
Major	223.49	< .001
Extreme	189.07	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, High Income	0.140
Non-black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, Low Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, Low Income	0.009
Non-black, Low Income	Non-black, High Income	0.000

Income by Latinx

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	388.85	< .001
Minor	5.20	.158
Major	241.57	< .001
Extreme	164.21	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, High Income	0.140
Non-black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, Low Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, Low Income	0.009
Non-black, Low Income	Non-black, High Income	0.000

Income by South

financial_status	statistic	p.value
None	388.85	< .001
Minor	5.20	.158
Major	241.57	< .001
Extreme	164.21	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None - Minor	-10.25	-11.46	-9.04	< .001
None - Major	-22.37	-24.00	-20.73	< .001
None - Extreme	-32.40	-34.98	-29.82	< .001
Minor - Major	-12.12	-13.62	-10.61	< .001
Minor - Extreme	-22.15	-24.65	-19.66	< .001
Major - Extreme	-10.03	-12.76	-7.31	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-7.00	-9.40	-4.61	< .001
None	-4.15	-7.74	-0.56	.024
Major	-5.60	-9.46	-1.73	.014
Extreme	-10.06	-17.00	-3.13	.014

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-2.21	-4.04	-0.39	.070
None	-0.64	-3.28	2.00	.633
Major	-3.03	-6.02	-0.05	.140
Extreme	-3.48	-9.92	2.96	.580

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	0.32	-1.57	2.21	> .999
None	-1.23	-4.47	2.01	> .999
Extreme	-2.58	-9.61	4.46	> .999
Major	-0.31	-3.47	2.86	> .999

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	10.79	8.12	13.47	< .001
None	19.15	14.47	23.84	< .001
Major	4.49	0.56	8.42	.051
Extreme	6.25	-1.50	14.00	.115

Related to child well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None - Minor	-8.51	-9.99	-7.04	< .001
None - Major	-17.58	-19.57	-15.59	< .001
None - Extreme	-22.11	-25.24	-18.98	< .001
Minor - Major	-9.07	-10.90	-7.24	< .001
Minor - Extreme	-13.60	-16.63	-10.56	< .001
Major - Extreme	-4.53	-7.84	-1.21	.038

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-6.93	-9.81	-4.06	< .001
None	-2.76	-7.03	1.50	.409
Major	-4.66	-9.73	0.41	.216
Extreme	-5.35	-13.80	3.11	.409

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-0.06	-2.25	2.14	> .999
None	2.83	-0.30	5.96	.305
Major	-2.07	-6.00	1.87	.910
Extreme	1.57	-6.27	9.41	> .999

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-0.49	-2.78	1.81	> .999
None	5.57	1.68	9.47	.020
Extreme	-4.51	-13.22	4.20	.933
Major	-0.50	-4.70	3.70	> .999

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	15.58	12.37	18.79	< .001
None	20.35	14.76	25.94	< .001
Major	13.99	8.87	19.10	< .001
Extreme	21.22	12.06	30.37	< .001

Related to family well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
None - Minor	-9.41	-10.54	-8.28	< .001
None - Major	-20.01	-21.54	-18.48	< .001
None - Extreme	-27.28	-29.69	-24.87	< .001
Minor - Major	-10.60	-12.01	-9.19	< .001
Minor - Extreme	-17.87	-20.20	-15.54	< .001
Major - Extreme	-7.27	-9.82	-4.72	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-6.99	-9.21	-4.77	< .001
None	-3.52	-6.86	-0.19	.039
Major	-5.15	-8.89	-1.41	.021
Extreme	-7.71	-14.10	-1.32	.037

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-1.09	-2.78	0.61	.627
None	1.12	-1.34	3.57	.744
Major	-2.46	-5.35	0.43	.384
Extreme	-0.95	-6.86	4.97	.754

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	-0.10	-1.86	1.66	> .999
None	2.11	-0.92	5.14	.688
Extreme	-3.54	-10.08	3.00	.868
Major	-0.35	-3.43	2.72	> .999

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
financial_status	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Minor	13.21	10.74	15.68	< .001
None	19.77	15.42	24.13	< .001
Major	9.17	5.39	12.94	< .001
Extreme	13.72	6.70	20.75	< .001

Physical Health

Well-baby/Well-child Checkup

Have you missed a well-baby/well-child checkup since the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic began?

Options:

• No \((N = 5641)\)
  • Yes \((N = 2301)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	5.08	.024
Yes	5.08	.024

West

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	7.04	.008
Yes	7.04	.008

Northeast

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	3.06	.080
Yes	3.06	.080

Midwest

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	1.66	.198
Yes	1.66	.198

Black/African American

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	1.38	.239
Yes	1.38	.239

LatinX

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	14.91	< .001
Yes	14.91	< .001

Low income

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	43.6	< .001
Yes	43.6	< .001

Income by Employment

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	52.18	< .001
Yes	52.18	< .001

Income by Black/African American

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	52.39	< .001
Yes	52.39	< .001

Income by Latinx

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	54.41	< .001
Yes	54.41	< .001

Income by South

missed_wellbaby	statistic	p.value
No	54.41	< .001
Yes	54.41	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
No - Yes	-8.33	-9.54	-7.13	< .001

Missed vaccine

[If yes missed well-baby] [asked for up to five children] Did they miss a scheduled vaccine at this visit?

Options:

• No \((N = 5762)\)
  • Yes \((N = 304)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	0.01	.913
Yes	0.01	.913

West

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	0	> .999
Yes	0	> .999

Northeast

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	1.11	.293
Yes	1.11	.293

Midwest

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	1.18	.277
Yes	1.18	.277

Black/African American

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	0.03	.856
Yes	0.03	.856

LatinX

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	7.47	.006
Yes	7.47	.006

Low income

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	17.29	< .001
Yes	17.29	< .001

Income by Employment

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	28.69	< .001
Yes	28.69	< .001

Income by Black/African American

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	17.38	.001
Yes	17.38	.001

Income by Latinx

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	26.43	< .001
Yes	26.43	< .001

Income by South

missed_vaccine	statistic	p.value
No	26.43	< .001
Yes	26.43	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
No - Yes	-12.2	-15.07	-9.33	< .001

Barriers to well-child

● What prevented you from going to a well-baby checkup? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

• Cost \((N = 200)\)
  • Unable to get time away from work \((N = 166)\)
  • Inability to find childcare \((N = 281)\)
  • Concern over exposure to coronavirus (COVID-19) \((N = 1788)\)
  • Caring for family members \((N = 173)\)
  • Vaccine hesitancy \((N = 146)\)
  • Other, please describe \((N = 372)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	1.36	.243
Time away from work	0.54	.461
Inability find childcare	0.00	.986
Concern for covid	0.56	.454
Caring for family	0.05	.829
Vaccine hesitancy	0.17	.681
Other	13.77	< .001

West

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	0.02	.881
Time away from work	0.99	.321
Inability find childcare	1.18	.278
Concern for covid	2.05	.152
Caring for family	1.08	.299
Vaccine hesitancy	5.58	.018
Other	0.63	.428

Northeast

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	2.03	.155
Time away from work	1.81	.178
Inability find childcare	0.06	.803
Concern for covid	3.66	.056
Caring for family	1.21	.272
Vaccine hesitancy	6.80	.009
Other	1.41	.236

Midwest

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	0.01	.939
Time away from work	0.53	.467
Inability find childcare	0.60	.437
Concern for covid	1.03	.311
Caring for family	0.16	.693
Vaccine hesitancy	0.06	.811
Other	5.02	.025

Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	2.50	.114
Time away from work	5.57	.018
Inability find childcare	1.65	.199
Concern for covid	3.65	.056
Caring for family	3.52	.061
Vaccine hesitancy	1.37	.241
Other	8.89	.003

LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	22.88	< .001
Time away from work	4.88	.027
Inability find childcare	8.63	.003
Concern for covid	17.20	< .001
Caring for family	7.59	.006
Vaccine hesitancy	0.81	.367
Other	6.03	.014

Low income

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	3.27	.071
Time away from work	1.38	.240
Inability find childcare	13.97	< .001
Concern for covid	30.42	< .001
Caring for family	17.77	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	10.16	.001
Other	1.96	.162

Income by Employment

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	11.95	.008
Time away from work	6.17	.103
Inability find childcare	15.89	.001
Concern for covid	36.62	< .001
Caring for family	20.79	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	15.50	.001
Other	6.89	.075

Income by Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	8.45	.038
Time away from work	5.47	.140
Inability find childcare	17.53	.001
Concern for covid	38.73	< .001
Caring for family	35.97	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	14.63	.002
Other	13.05	.005

Income by LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	13.71	.003
Time away from work	6.55	.088
Inability find childcare	25.94	< .001
Concern for covid	48.00	< .001
Caring for family	30.84	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	18.25	< .001
Other	4.58	.205

Income by South

key	statistic	p.value
Cost	5.30	.151
Time away from work	4.24	.237
Inability find childcare	17.40	.001
Concern for covid	32.51	< .001
Caring for family	18.49	< .001
Vaccine hesitancy	11.30	.010
Other	10.82	.013

Related to well-being

Basic Needs

Free food (currently)

Do you currently have access to free food for your household? Examples of free food include food pantries and programs, SNAP etc.

Options:

• Yes \((N = 2630)\)
  • No, but I know where/how I can access free food resources \((N = 1323)\)
  • No, I am not eligible for free food resources \((N = 3580)\)
  • Unsure \((N = 404)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	0.97	.326
No, not eligible	7.08	.008
Unsure	0.60	.438
Yes	10.39	.001

West

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	4.43	.035
No, not eligible	0.11	.741
Unsure	2.45	.118
Yes	0.27	.601

Northeast

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	6.02	.014
No, not eligible	18.41	< .001
Unsure	0.62	.431
Yes	8.80	.003

Midwest

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	1.08	.299
No, not eligible	0.11	.745
Unsure	0.00	> .999
Yes	0.21	.643

Black/African American

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	2.51	.113
No, not eligible	122.55	< .001
Unsure	0.96	.328
Yes	118.94	< .001

LatinX

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	7.83	.005
No, not eligible	88.60	< .001
Unsure	0.16	.691
Yes	56.06	< .001

Low income

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	1.52	.217
No, not eligible	901.06	< .001
Unsure	2.83	.092
Yes	1091.51	< .001

Income by Employment

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	7.68	.053
No, not eligible	947.68	< .001
Unsure	6.22	.101
Yes	1133.27	< .001

Income by Black/African American

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	12.23	.007
No, not eligible	958.03	< .001
Unsure	5.43	.143
Yes	1132.94	< .001

Income by Latinx

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	6.26	.100
No, not eligible	952.72	< .001
Unsure	3.38	.337
Yes	1125.94	< .001

Income by South

free_food_cat	statistic	p.value
No, know how	6.26	.100
No, not eligible	952.72	< .001
Unsure	3.38	.337
Yes	1125.94	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
No, know how - No, not eligible	1.88	0.30	3.46	.091
No, know how - Unsure	-3.25	-6.04	-0.45	.104
No, know how - Yes	-3.20	-4.86	-1.55	.001
No, not eligible - Unsure	-5.13	-7.71	-2.55	.001
No, not eligible - Yes	-5.08	-6.35	-3.82	< .001
Unsure - Yes	0.04	-2.58	2.67	> .999

Free Lunch (during-COVID)

Prior to coronavirus (COVID-19), did you get free or reduced lunches for your child(ren)?

Options:

• Yes, my child(ren) received free or reduced lunches \((N = 1794)\)
• No, free or reduced lunches were not available for my children \((N = 1565)\)
• No, my child did not receive free or reduced lunches, but they were available \((N = )\)
• No, free or reduced lunches were not available for my children \((N = 1794)\)
• No, but I had planned on getting free or reduced lunches for my children soon \((N = 1487)\)
• No, I didn’t know how to access this resource \((N = 188)\)
• Not applicable \((N = 583)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.78	.377
No, didn’t know how	6.76	.009
No, not available	20.90	< .001
No, planned	0.12	.729
Yes	10.07	.002

West

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	2.13	.145
No, didn’t know how	0.01	.940
No, not available	8.91	.003
No, planned	0.71	.400
Yes	1.18	.277

Northeast

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	5.10	.024
No, didn’t know how	1.35	.246
No, not available	0.61	.437
No, planned	0.51	.474
Yes	6.92	.009

Midwest

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	2.03	.154
No, didn’t know how	4.29	.038
No, not available	1.58	.209
No, planned	0.48	.488
Yes	0.01	.934

Black/African American

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.16	.685
No, didn’t know how	0.55	.459
No, not available	16.40	< .001
No, planned	31.54	< .001
Yes	78.29	< .001

LatinX

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.04	.846
No, didn’t know how	0.17	.683
No, not available	8.60	.003
No, planned	55.89	< .001
Yes	97.09	< .001

Low income

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.41	.520
No, didn’t know how	9.15	.002
No, not available	54.62	< .001
No, planned	153.85	< .001
Yes	375.21	< .001

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	0.41	.520
No, didn’t know how	9.15	.002
No, not available	54.62	< .001
No, planned	153.85	< .001
Yes	375.21	< .001

Income by Employment

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	3.56	.313
No, didn’t know how	10.87	.012
No, not available	56.73	< .001
No, planned	179.04	< .001
Yes	399.44	< .001

Income by Black/African American

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	2.32	.508
No, didn’t know how	14.11	.003
No, not available	67.52	< .001
No, planned	167.99	< .001
Yes	410.92	< .001

Income by Latinx

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	2.48	.478
No, didn’t know how	13.88	.003
No, not available	61.81	< .001
No, planned	180.40	< .001
Yes	414.02	< .001

Income by South

free_lunch_now_cat	statistic	p.value
N/A	2.48	.478
No, didn’t know how	13.88	.003
No, not available	61.81	< .001
No, planned	180.40	< .001
Yes	414.02	< .001

Related to well-being

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
N/A - No, didn’t know how	-0.27	-4.40	3.87	> .999
N/A - No, not available	4.82	2.42	7.21	.001
N/A - No, planned	3.63	1.22	6.04	.026
N/A - Yes	-0.07	-2.42	2.28	> .999
No, didn’t know how - No, not available	5.08	1.27	8.89	.068
No, didn’t know how - No, planned	3.90	0.08	7.72	.266
No, didn’t know how - Yes	0.20	-3.58	3.98	> .999
No, not available - No, planned	-1.18	-2.97	0.60	.692
No, not available - Yes	-4.88	-6.59	-3.18	< .001
No, planned - Yes	-3.70	-5.43	-1.97	< .001

Paying for basics

In the past month, how hard has it been for you to pay for the very basics like food, housing, medical care, and heating?

Options:

• Very hard \((N = 580)\)
• Hard \((N = 982)\)
• Somewhat hard \((N = )\)
• Not very hard \((N = 4333)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	26.08	< .001
Somewhat hard	6.50	.011
Hard	2.80	.094
Very hard	10.72	.001

West

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	1.91	.167
Somewhat hard	0.29	.588
Hard	0.24	.626
Very hard	5.45	.020

Northeast

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	12.70	< .001
Somewhat hard	2.45	.117
Hard	1.91	.166
Very hard	5.37	.021

Midwest

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	1.40	.236
Somewhat hard	0.82	.366
Hard	1.50	.220
Very hard	0.63	.428

Black/African American

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	73.89	< .001
Somewhat hard	25.49	< .001
Hard	7.95	.005
Very hard	17.83	< .001

LatinX

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	85.45	< .001
Somewhat hard	35.15	< .001
Hard	15.68	< .001
Very hard	6.65	.010

Low income

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	624.94	< .001
Somewhat hard	143.94	< .001
Hard	156.54	< .001
Very hard	174.78	< .001

Income by Employment

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	711.25	< .001
Somewhat hard	170.91	< .001
Hard	166.15	< .001
Very hard	241.83	< .001

Income by Black/African American

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	660.66	< .001
Somewhat hard	167.86	< .001
Hard	162.20	< .001
Very hard	179.91	< .001

Income by Latinx

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	680.33	< .001
Somewhat hard	169.64	< .001
Hard	171.90	< .001
Very hard	179.45	< .001

Income by South

difficulty_basics_cat	statistic	p.value
Not very hard	680.33	< .001
Somewhat hard	169.64	< .001
Hard	171.90	< .001
Very hard	179.45	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard - Somewhat hard	-10.64	-11.89	-9.39	< .001
Not very hard - Hard	-17.41	-19.06	-15.77	< .001
Not very hard - Very hard	-25.83	-27.89	-23.77	< .001
Somewhat hard - Hard	-6.78	-8.58	-4.97	< .001
Somewhat hard - Very hard	-15.20	-17.39	-13.00	< .001
Hard - Very hard	-8.42	-10.86	-5.98	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-7.41	-10.03	-4.80	< .001
Somewhat hard	-6.77	-9.90	-3.65	< .001
Hard	-3.89	-8.24	0.45	.079
Very hard	-6.79	-12.32	-1.26	.033

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-2.27	-4.18	-0.37	.077
Somewhat hard	-1.73	-4.22	0.76	.349
Hard	-1.75	-5.17	1.67	.349
Very hard	-5.53	-10.23	-0.84	.077

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-0.99	-3.09	1.11	> .999
Somewhat hard	0.85	-1.77	3.47	> .999
Hard	-0.35	-4.11	3.41	> .999
Very hard	-0.28	-5.77	5.21	> .999

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	9.46	5.82	13.10	< .001
Somewhat hard	11.68	7.97	15.39	< .001
Hard	3.88	0.08	7.69	.075
Very hard	5.59	0.34	10.84	.075

Related to child well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard - Somewhat hard	-9.21	-10.72	-7.70	< .001
Not very hard - Hard	-14.44	-16.44	-12.45	< .001
Not very hard - Very hard	-18.22	-20.71	-15.73	< .001
Somewhat hard - Hard	-5.23	-7.42	-3.04	< .001
Somewhat hard - Very hard	-9.01	-11.66	-6.36	< .001
Hard - Very hard	-3.78	-6.73	-0.82	.059

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-5.32	-8.44	-2.20	.003
Somewhat hard	-7.28	-11.04	-3.53	.001
Hard	-2.97	-8.37	2.42	.280
Very hard	-7.27	-14.45	-0.08	.096

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	1.11	-1.16	3.38	> .999
Somewhat hard	-2.93	-5.92	0.05	.218
Hard	2.03	-2.23	6.30	> .999
Very hard	2.51	-3.62	8.64	> .999

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	2.13	-0.41	4.66	.402
Somewhat hard	-1.50	-4.73	1.73	> .999
Hard	1.02	-3.72	5.76	> .999
Very hard	-2.94	-9.76	3.89	> .999

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	14.60	10.26	18.93	< .001
Somewhat hard	17.91	13.49	22.32	< .001
Hard	13.88	9.19	18.56	< .001
Very hard	11.22	4.44	17.99	.001

Related to family well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard - Somewhat hard	-9.93	-11.09	-8.77	< .001
Not very hard - Hard	-15.99	-17.53	-14.46	< .001
Not very hard - Very hard	-22.04	-23.96	-20.12	< .001
Somewhat hard - Hard	-6.06	-7.75	-4.38	< .001
Somewhat hard - Very hard	-12.11	-14.15	-10.06	< .001
Hard - Very hard	-6.05	-8.32	-3.77	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-6.41	-8.84	-3.98	< .001
Somewhat hard	-7.03	-9.94	-4.12	< .001
Hard	-3.50	-7.59	0.60	.094
Very hard	-7.03	-12.24	-1.82	.017

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	-0.57	-2.34	1.20	> .999
Somewhat hard	-2.33	-4.65	-0.01	.197
Hard	0.35	-2.86	3.57	> .999
Very hard	-1.50	-5.94	2.93	> .999

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	0.51	-1.45	2.47	> .999
Somewhat hard	-0.33	-2.80	2.14	> .999
Hard	0.41	-3.16	3.97	> .999
Very hard	-1.61	-6.65	3.43	> .999

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
difficulty_basics_cat	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
Not very hard	12.03	8.66	15.41	< .001
Somewhat hard	14.79	11.37	18.22	< .001
Hard	8.81	5.26	12.36	< .001
Very hard	8.39	3.47	13.32	.001

Which needs

Which of these needs have been hard to pay for in the past month? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

• Food \((N = 1741)\)
  • Housing \((N = 1873)\)
  • Utilities (electric, water, trash) \((N = )\)
  • Healthcare \((N = 922)\)
  • Social \((N = 841)\)
  • Emotional \((N = 869)\)
  • Childcare \((N = 775)\)
  • Other \((N = 219)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key	statistic	p.value
Food	7.97	.005
House	7.46	.006
Utilities	30.99	< .001
Healthcare	13.94	< .001
Social	0.44	.508
Emotional	2.75	.098
Childcare	5.61	.018
Other	1.69	.193

West

key	statistic	p.value
Food	0.39	.530
House	0.66	.417
Utilities	10.76	.001
Healthcare	0.04	.840
Social	0.89	.345
Emotional	0.57	.450
Childcare	0.96	.326
Other	0.00	> .999

Northeast

key	statistic	p.value
Food	13.48	< .001
House	9.48	.002
Utilities	8.09	.004
Healthcare	15.95	< .001
Social	1.34	.247
Emotional	0.62	.430
Childcare	9.82	.002
Other	1.14	.286

Midwest

key	statistic	p.value
Food	0.45	.501
House	1.67	.196
Utilities	0.09	.764
Healthcare	0.21	.644
Social	0.59	.442
Emotional	0.10	.758
Childcare	1.02	.312
Other	0.16	.689

Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Food	26.49	< .001
House	21.73	< .001
Utilities	50.80	< .001
Healthcare	0.00	> .999
Social	0.06	.811
Emotional	0.01	.941
Childcare	24.81	< .001
Other	2.21	.137

LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Food	35.90	< .001
House	46.90	< .001
Utilities	40.39	< .001
Healthcare	11.94	.001
Social	0.06	.809
Emotional	0.03	.871
Childcare	4.10	.043
Other	0.00	.983

Low income

key	statistic	p.value
Food	197.17	< .001
House	287.26	< .001
Utilities	592.31	< .001
Healthcare	1.03	.311
Social	129.86	< .001
Emotional	147.35	< .001
Childcare	39.32	< .001
Other	56.73	< .001

Income by Employment

key	statistic	p.value
Food	243.35	< .001
House	362.15	< .001
Utilities	668.13	< .001
Healthcare	26.16	< .001
Social	158.91	< .001
Emotional	169.57	< .001
Childcare	40.39	< .001
Other	61.84	< .001

Income by Black/African American

key	statistic	p.value
Food	210.89	< .001
House	296.57	< .001
Utilities	614.37	< .001
Healthcare	4.09	.252
Social	135.87	< .001
Emotional	148.40	< .001
Childcare	66.06	< .001
Other	59.55	< .001

Income by LatinX

key	statistic	p.value
Food	222.66	< .001
House	303.90	< .001
Utilities	614.93	< .001
Healthcare	14.66	.002
Social	151.48	< .001
Emotional	165.26	< .001
Childcare	47.98	< .001
Other	63.08	< .001

Income by South

key	statistic	p.value
Food	207.08	< .001
House	297.33	< .001
Utilities	593.04	< .001
Healthcare	12.42	.006
Social	140.25	< .001
Emotional	149.62	< .001
Childcare	41.70	< .001
Other	64.04	< .001

Related to well-being

Material hardship

This variables was calculated by adding up the number of needs selected for the following question: Which of these needs have been hard to pay for in the past month? [Select all that apply.]

• 0 \((N = 4440)\)
  • 1 \((N = 798)\)
  • 2 \((N = 1028)\)
  • 3 \((N = 824)\)
  • 4 \((N = 469)\)
  • 5 \((N = 237)\)
  • 6 \((N = 99)\)
  • 7 \((N = 61)\)
  • 8 \((N = 5)\)

Material hardship censored at 6, given small sample sizes.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	24.99	< .001
1	1.21	.272
2	6.82	.009
3	4.17	.041
4	1.73	.188
5	0.00	.963
6	4.90	.027

West

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	1.84	.175
1	0.26	.610
2	4.45	.035
3	0.02	.894
4	0.22	.641
5	0.85	.356
6	0.87	.351

Northeast

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	12.77	< .001
1	0.42	.514
2	1.07	.300
3	5.23	.022
4	4.51	.034
5	0.21	.647
6	4.34	.037

Midwest

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	1.16	.281
1	1.67	.196
2	0.03	.858
3	0.22	.638
4	0.02	.890
5	0.14	.707
6	0.09	.765

Black/African American

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	75.07	< .001
1	31.00	< .001
2	16.39	< .001
3	6.21	.013
4	1.95	.163
5	1.15	.283
6	4.56	.033

LatinX

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	82.79	< .001
1	26.60	< .001
2	18.87	< .001
3	16.07	< .001
4	0.09	.761
5	0.50	.480
6	1.85	.174

Low income

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	610.61	< .001
1	60.56	< .001
2	136.60	< .001
3	96.02	< .001
4	60.49	< .001
5	16.94	< .001
6	26.06	< .001

Income by Employment

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	704.02	< .001
1	76.05	< .001
2	159.44	< .001
3	107.46	< .001
4	71.89	< .001
5	22.49	< .001
6	46.77	< .001

Income by Black/African American

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	647.25	< .001
1	85.43	< .001
2	142.61	< .001
3	103.76	< .001
4	64.76	< .001
5	19.51	< .001
6	32.52	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, Low Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, Low Income	0.587
Non-black, Low Income	Non-black, High Income	0.000

Income by Latinx

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	665.20	< .001
1	78.40	< .001
2	142.09	< .001
3	107.73	< .001
4	67.17	< .001
5	18.35	< .001
6	37.09	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income	Latinx, Low Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, Low Income	0.227
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Non-Latinx, High Income	0.000

Income by South

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	665.20	< .001
1	78.40	< .001
2	142.09	< .001
3	107.73	< .001
4	67.17	< .001
5	18.35	< .001
6	37.09	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

	Confidence Interval
estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
5.21	4.89	5.54	< .001

Related to child well-being

	Confidence Interval
estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
4.17	3.78	4.56	< .001

Related to family well-being

	Confidence Interval
estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
4.7	4.4	5	< .001

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Material hardship dichotomized

For these analyses, we censor responses at 1 (creating a 1+ category).

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	24.99	< .001
1+	24.99	< .001

West

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	1.84	.175
1+	1.84	.175

Northeast

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	12.77	< .001
1+	12.77	< .001

Midwest

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	1.16	.281
1+	1.16	.281

Black/African American

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	75.07	< .001
1+	75.07	< .001

LatinX

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	82.79	< .001
1+	82.79	< .001

Low income

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	610.61	< .001
1+	610.61	< .001

Income by Employment

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	704.02	< .001
1+	704.02	< .001

Income by Black/African American

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	647.25	< .001
1+	647.25	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, High Income	0.000
Non-black, High Income	Black, Low Income	0.000
Non-black, Low Income	Black, Low Income	0.052
Non-black, Low Income	Non-black, High Income	0.000

Income by Latinx

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	665.2	< .001
1+	665.2	< .001

Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction

group1	group2	p.value
Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, High Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income	Latinx, Low Income	0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Latinx, Low Income	0.765
Non-Latinx, Low Income	Non-Latinx, High Income	0.000

Income by South

material_hardship	statistic	p.value
0	665.2	< .001
1+	665.2	< .001

Related to caregiver well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0 - 1+	-15.38	-16.45	-14.32	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-7.19	-9.76	-4.61	< .001
1+	-5.97	-8.36	-3.59	< .001

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-2.37	-4.24	-0.50	.026
1+	-2.33	-4.25	-0.41	.026

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-1.08	-3.14	0.99	.306
1+	1.68	-0.36	3.72	.213

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	9.61	6.02	13.20	< .001
1+	9.00	6.57	11.42	< .001

Related to child well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0 - 1+	-12.34	-13.61	-11.06	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-5.24	-8.32	-2.16	.001
1+	-6.14	-9.02	-3.26	< .001

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	0.82	-1.42	3.05	.947
1+	-0.53	-2.85	1.79	.947

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	2.02	-0.48	4.51	.227
1+	-0.12	-2.63	2.38	.923

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	14.32	10.05	18.59	< .001
1+	15.99	13.08	18.90	< .001

Related to family well-being

Overall

		Confidence Interval
contrast	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0 - 1+	-13.88	-14.87	-12.89	< .001

Black/African American

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-6.26	-8.66	-3.87	< .001
1+	-6.07	-8.29	-3.85	< .001

Latinx

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	-0.78	-2.52	0.97	.383
1+	-1.34	-3.13	0.44	.281

Low Income

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	0.42	-1.51	2.34	.820
1+	0.80	-1.11	2.71	.820

Children with disabilities

		Confidence Interval
material_hardship	estimate	Lower	Upper	p.value
0	11.97	8.64	15.29	< .001
1+	12.47	10.24	14.71	< .001